In these countries most outbreaks are minor and sporadic, because of the high level of vaccination. Equine influenza is a common, highly contagious respiratory disease of equids with a near-global distribution. It spreads rapidly and is expensive to eradicate, can disrupt equine events and cause significant economic disruption to horse related industries. At the time of the initial notification of the occurrence of equine influenza (EI) in Australia in August 2007, vaccination was restricted to horses for which it was an import requirement and only with the approval of the state or territory Chief Veterinary Officer. Firstly, equine influenza, like other influenza viruses, undergoes continuous antigenic drift, which means that antibodies raised against one strain will not necessarily protect against a different strain of virus and is one of the reasons why we see periodic outbreaks of influenza in vaccinated horses. This requires 2 doses of vaccine administered between a minimum of 21 to a maximum of 92 days apart (1-3 months). Equine influenza is endemic in most countries in the world and causes significant illness in all horse breeds. "Implementation of the Rule change1 Primary course of vaccination - a primary course should always be given according to the manufacturer’s instructions by injection or intranasal administration. Because EIV H7N7 has not been isolated since the late 1970s and the Eurasian strain of H3N8 has not been seen since 2007, [8,11] OIE suggests omitting these from equine influenza vaccines. Countries free of equine influenza include Iceland, Australia and New Zealand. Equine influenza is a virus that has significant impacts, but through proper vaccination and biosecurity, handlers do have some control over the outcome of infections. For specific information about your submission please contact Customer Service.2 Confirmation testing of positives may affect turnaround time.3 Turnaround time is dependent on urgency. EI surveillance maintains awareness of emergence and international spread of antigenic variants. It is estimated that one infected horse can easily infect ten in-contact horses causing the rapid spread of the disease. The following diseases should be considered in the differential diagnosis: Virus titres are highest during the initial 24-48 hours of fever, which is the best time to sample for detection of the virus. This advice includes: Routine scheduling and giving of an influenza vaccine with a COVID-19 vaccine on the same day is not recommended. In 2007, Australia experienced the most extensive equine influenza outbreak observed in recent years. VICTORIAN BORDER RESTRICTIONS TO REMAIN. The FEI will accept intranasal vaccines for both primary and booster doses. If it were to become established, it would have a major impact on the horse industry. Equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly-spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in susceptible populations of horses. Equine Influenza Outbreak in Australia: an Update 20 September 2007. Snake Bite. This rule will be reviewed annually by the FEI Veterinary Committee and can be altered if the vaccination or disease situation changes.Rule change approved by the General Assembly 2004"The FEI requirement for equine influenza vaccination will be for booster vaccinations at 6-month intervals as from 1 January 2005. Epub 2010 Aug 3. Equine influenza is a common, highly contagious respiratory disease of equids with a near-global distribution. Equine influenza immunity in the Special Restricted Area (Purple Zone) of New South Wales, Australia Aust Vet J . The Gene Technology (Equine Influenza Vaccine) Emergency Dealing Determination 2007 (the 2007 Determination) ... Australia from the equine influenza virus. Please note that until 31 December 2004, annual booster vaccinations are permitted and from 1 January 2005, bi-annual boosters are required.7 Change in the vaccination schedule - When the vaccination schedule is changed from annual to bi-annual, the horse does not need a new primary vaccination.Sanctions8 The Bureau has approved the following table for warnings and sanctions of passport irregularities:8.1 Warnings will be issued by the FEI from 1 January 2005 until 31 December 2005 as a reminder that 6-month booster vaccination for influenza is now mandatory.8.2 As from 1 January 2006 a system of fines will be imposed by the Appeal Committee/Ground Jury for failure to comply with 6-month booster vaccinations.8.2.1 Less than one week after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 2008.2.2 Less than two weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 3008.2.3 Less than four weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 4008.2.4 More than four weeks after the 3-week vaccination window: CHF 500, and cancellation of the horse’s participation in the event.8.3 Fines for other infringements relating to influenza vaccination will be as follows:a) if no evidence of any current vaccination in passport: a maximum penalty of CHF 500. SIR,— During 2007, major outbreaks of equine influenza occurred in Asia and Australia, affecting more than 100,000 horses. An equine influenza outbreak is impacting the local burro populations in Redlands as dozens of burros have died from the virus since mid-October and the … If EI became established in Australia, horse owners would face increased costs for the care and treatment of sick horses and many would face regular vaccination of their horses to enable them to participate in events. In the U.S., it is most commonly seen in young horses around 2 to 3 years of age and frequently encountered at racetracks. In the past 20 years serious outbreaks have occurred in a number of countries (including Australia in 2007), associated with importations of subclinically infected horses and inadequate post-arrival quarantine procedures. The strategy involves a combination of movement restrictions, biosecurity measures, ring vaccination and the establishment of vaccination buffer zones. Equine influenza in Australia. Border crossing restrictions prohibiting horses from New South Wales (NSW) and Queensland (QLD) entering Victoria and other Equine Influenza (EI) free states will continue, despite NSW announcing reduced horse movement … Equine influenza had not been reported in China since 1993, in Japan since 1972, and had never been reported in Australia. Foal Vaccination Chart . Univalent vaccines are to be preferred over combination vaccines, especially with regard to vaccination against tetanus. Most horses recover within a couple of weeks given good care and rest. Definition Equine influenza virus is a RNA virus which is endemic in horse populations in many countries worldwide and which occurs sporadically in epidemic form from time to time. The aims of this study were first to identify the equine influenza vaccination rate as reported in 2016 by horse owners in the United Kingdom (UK), second, to examine the demographics of owners and horses which were associated with significantly lower reported influenza vaccination rates and third, to explore factors that influence horse-owners’ decisions around influenza vaccine uptake. The principal diagnostic test for early detection of EI is a real-time PCR which detects all type A influenza viruses. Australia remained free of equine influenza until 2007 when 10,651 horses were infected over three months. Annual boosters are required thereafter (must be given within 365 days of previous injection). Animals; Horse Diseases/epidemiology* Horse Diseases/etiology; Horse Diseases/prevention & control* Horses; Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/immunology* Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use; New South Wales/epidemiology; … Known also as "horse flu" and "A1 influenza”, equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral respiratory disease in horses and other equine species. Authors Janet M Daly 1 , Shona MacRae, J Richard … Reeve-Johnson L. PMID: 17982150 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Letter; MeSH Terms. Mon-Repos 241005 LausanneT. 1. Rarely, it causes deaths in young foals and debilitated or old horses. 1 Turnaround times are provided as a guide only. At the time of the initial notification of the occurrence of equine influenza (EI) in Australia in August 2007, vaccination was restricted to horses for which it was an import requirement and only with the approval of the state or territory Chief Veterinary Officer. The virus can be transmitted by aerosol transmission from horse to horse. Outbreaks of the disease are occurring with increased frequency worldwide despite the widespread use of vaccines. Mr Ian Callinan AC was appointed Commissioner to conduct an independent inquiry into the outbreak of equine influenza in Australia. Targeting the horse's respiratory system, the influenza virus damages the lining and mucous membranes in the animal's respiratory … Influenza activity in 2019-20; Since the previous meeting in April 2019, outbreaks of equine influenza were reported in Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. The affected horses in this area had all been vaccinated, and no specific cause has been found for the introduction of the disease. These outbreaks were caused by h3n8 equine influenza viruses (eivs) of the American lineage. Under section 72C(3) of the Act, the Minister may extend the period of effect of an emergency declaration. The highly contagious nature of equine influenza means that it has the potential to seriously compromise international movement of horses. Global Equine Influenza Vaccine Market is estimated to be valued US$ XX.X million in 2019. In September 2007, the Hon. Australia imple - mented an awareness and information campaign to sup-plement its interventions, which included quarantining, restricting horse movement, decontaminating properties, establishing disease control zones, and increasing surveil - lance and vaccination. The first booster vaccination must be given no more than 6 months +21 days (see item 5) after the second vaccination of the primary course; a shorter vaccination interval is obviously permitted.2 Route of administration – the vaccine should be administered according to the manufacturer’s instructions (i.e. Equine influenza (EI) is a major respiratory disease of horses. EI is endemic in Europe (except Iceland) and in North and South America. Equine influenza (EI) is an acute, highly contagious, viral disease that can cause rapidly-spreading outbreaks of respiratory disease in susceptible populations of horses. The OIE now considers H7N7 strains likely to be extinct since these strains have not been isolated for over 20 years. Influenza is endemic in the equine population of the United States and throughout much of the world, with the notable exceptions of New Zealand, Australia, and Iceland. Evaluation of the ability of canarypox-vectored equine influenza virus vaccines to induce humoral immune responses against canine influenza viruses in dogs. The May influenza outbreak involving more than 200 horses within a 20-mile radius in the Normandy region of France should remind us that equine influenza remains a persistent threat to the global equine community. In these countries most outbreaks are minor and sporadic, because of the high level of vaccination. Vaccination failures have been documented in Australia and the highest risk for canine parvovirus vaccination failure was identified in puppies receiving a last vaccination before 16 weeks of age. A third injection given between 150 and 215 days (5 and 7 months) after the second injection. 20 September 2007 Author: webmaster. In vaccinated horses serology may be complicated by the presence of vaccine-induced antibody, unless vaccines that allow differentiation of infected and vaccinated horses have been used. Karaca, K, Dubovi, EJ, Siger, L, Robles, A, Audonnet, JC, Jiansheng, Y, Nordgren, R and Minke, JM (2007). SIR,— During 2007, major outbreaks of equine influenza occurred in Asia and Australia, affecting more than 100,000 horses. Australia imple - mented an awareness and information campaign to sup-plement its interventions, which included quarantining, restricting horse movement, decontaminating properties, establishing disease control zones, and increasing surveil - lance and vaccination. influenza A/equine 2 virus) are the causative viral strains. Influenza One of the most common respiratory diseases in horses, influenza is highly contagious. Equine Influenza The Liphook Equine Hospital , Forest Mere, Liphook, Hampshire, GU30 7JG Practice Office: 01428 723594 / Hospital Office: 01428 727200 Email: post@theleh.co.uk Websitewww.theleh.co.uk Equine Influenza virus is one of the most contagious diseases that affects horses and can be devastating in susceptible populations. The AISR aims to increase awareness of influenza activity in Australia by providing an analysis of the various surveillance data sources throughout Australia. This paper describes the complexities involved in the Equine Influenza Virus compliance, or ineffective vaccines (20). Equine influenza OIE Expert Surveillance Panel on Equine Influenza Vaccine Composition, OIE Headquarters, 16 April 2020 Conclusions and Recommendations. During 2007, large outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) caused by Florida sublineage Clade 1 viruses affected horse populations in Japan and Australia. Topics: sport, horse-racing, animal-diseases-and-disorders---equine-influenza, united-kingdom, england, scotland, wales, northern-ireland Just eight of … Equine vaccination is most commonly performed against equine influenza (EI) and tetanus, with an owner‐based survey reporting 71.3% horses were vaccinated for both EI and tetanus in Great Britain 1 with lower vaccination rates in ponies, retired and companion animals. Central Asia, Australia, and Japan experienced large equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreaks in 2007 (1,2).Serious outbreaks of EIV have occurred throughout history, causing substantial economic distress worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries (). no Vaccination program in the response to the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia. The preferred minimum interval between a dose of seasonal influenza vaccine and a dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S is 14 days. A threat to the horse population is a threat to the environment from an animal disease. A 10 km (6 mi) quarantine zone was declared around Eastern Creek Quarantine Station and the Centennial Parklands Equestrian Centre, where the first infections were identified, on 24 August. Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) Leptospirosis. Central Asia, Australia, and Japan experienced large equine influenza virus (EIV) outbreaks in 2007 (1,2).Serious outbreaks of EIV have occurred throughout history, causing substantial economic distress worldwide in the 19th and 20th centuries (). Equine Influenza is exotic to Australia, however an outbreak in New South Wales in 2007 (from an imported horse) affected thousands of horses. Equine influenza in Australia. They are related to but distinct from the viruses that cause human and avian influenz… Examination of how the disease affects horses and their owners in these countries reveals what we could expect in Australia if EI is not successfully eradicated. Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious though rarely fatal respiratory disease of horses, donkeys, mules and other equidae. Current epidemiological surveillance suggests that equine influenza A viral strains of the H3N8 subtype (i.e. This means that towards the end of the vaccination year horses may become susceptible to infection again, but may not show clinical signs of disease. Recent outbreaks of EI have demonstrated the ease with which EI virus (EIV) can be transmitted internationally. 2011 Jul;189(1):7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.06.026. Vaccination of susceptible horses formed … Dealing with infectious disease: lessons of equine influenza in Australia. Tubes containing PBGS can be ordered via the. It spreads rapidly and is expensive to eradicate, can disrupt equine events and cause significant economic disruption to horse related industries. We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. An increased temperature for one to three days of up to 41°C (106°F). National arrangements are in place to support such a response. At the national level, notifications of laboratory-confirmed inf… The disease has been recorded throughout history, and when horses were the main draft animals, outbreaks of EI crippled the economy. Furthermore, s … Equine influenza: a review of an unpredictable virus Vet J. The Australian Influenza Vaccine Committee (AIVC) met on Wednesday 7th October 2020, to recommend the composition of the influenza virus vaccines for 2021. Horses that travel or are exposed to other horses are most at risk. Reeve-Johnson L. PMID: 17982150 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Publication Types: Letter; MeSH Terms. Serology is useful for retrospective confirmation of infection. A shorter vaccination interval is obviously permitted.6 The entering of vaccination details in new FEI passports/recognition cards or duplicates – if the vaccination history of a horse is very long, the veterinarian who has filled in the descriptive page of the passport/recognition card may use a specific statement to certify that the vaccinations have been administered in accordance with FEI regulations (for the exact wording see veterinary regulations, Annex II.I.11). NR Perkins; WR Webster; T Wright; I Denney; I Links ; Pages: 126-134; First Published: 29 June 2011; Abstract; Full text PDF; References; Request permissions; no Equine influenza: patterns of disease and seroprevalence in Thoroughbred studs and implications for vaccination. Even with an effective vaccine, it is unlikely that eno… Equine Influenza Virus compliance, or ineffective vaccines (20). The detection of EI in Australia is regarded as an emergency and every attempt will be made to eradicate the disease. EI is endemic in Europe (except Iceland) and in North and South America. However, to avoid interruption of the horses’ competition schedule, it is permissible to extend the 6-month booster date by a maximum of 21 days. When equine influenza struck in 2007, about 50 thousand horses were affected across 6 thousand properties, resulting in restrictions, lockdowns and improved hygiene. Equine Influenza The Liphook Equine Hospital , Forest Mere, Liphook, Hampshire, GU30 7JG Practice Office: 01428 723594 / Hospital Office: 01428 727200 Email: post@theleh.co.uk Websitewww.theleh.co.uk Equine Influenza virus is one of the most contagious diseases that affects horses and can be devastating in susceptible populations. The primary clinical signs include pyrexia, nasal discharge (initially serous and later mucous or mucopurulent), and a deep, dry, hacking cough. Like human influenza virus, EI virus is prone to mutation and if EI became endemic in the Australian horse population, it is likely that mutation would eventually render current vaccines ineffective, requiring new vaccines to be developed. +41 21 310 47 47 F. + 41 21 310 47 60Email : f.sluyter@horsesport.org. The detection of EI in Australia is regarded as an emergency and every attempt will be made to eradicate the disease. Equine influenza is an acute contagious respiratory disease of horses worldwidecaused by infection with equine influenza A virus. In Australia, influenza vaccine has been supplied free-of-charge for pregnant women through the National Immunisation Program since 2010, and in November 2011, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists strongly endorsed routine vaccination of all pregnant women against influenza. Vaccination Guidelines Bibliography. The majority of the recreational horse populations in Australia… Activity– Currently, influenza and influenza-like illness (ILI) activity is lower than average for this time of year compared to previous years, and is consistent with past activity following a peak in notifications and coming to the end of the influenza season. These outbreaks were caused by h3n8 equine influenza viruses (eivs) of the American lineage. The OIE Expert Influenza Surveillance panel, reviews currently circulating strains and makes recommendations for strain inclusion in the vaccine products. Fishing closures, restrictions and permits, Volunteer non-commercial kangaroo shooting, NSW Hunting Stakeholder Consultation Group, Zoonoses - Animal diseases that can infect people, Forest contractor training and certification scheme, Olive oil, olive fruit, edible oil and oilseed testing, On suspicion of an exotic disease, veterinarians must immediately notify NSW DPI through the, Bacterial bronchopneumonia / pleuropneumonia, Inflammatory airway disease due to exposure to environment irritants and aeroallergens, Parasitic infections, including ascarids and lungworms, The pulmonary form of African horse sickness, 10 mL of blood collected into a plain evacuated tube, Nasal swabs - Mucosal surface of each nostril, collected separately into viral transport media (PBGS), Do not use commercially prepared swabs with plastic sleeves that contain transport medium. Strangles. Symptoms are similar to those in a human with a cold, including dry cough, nasal discharge, fever and loss of appetite. (For example, a horse vaccinated on 18 March, has a window for the next vaccination from 18 Sep to 9 Oct). 3 Specification of Vaccine – all proprietary equine influenza vaccines are acceptable to the FEI irrespective of the route of administration. Sometimes referred to as the horse flu, equine influenza is one of the most widespread infectious viral equine diseases in the world. The agriculture emergency response system is based on a partnership between Australian, State and Territory governments and industry that has matured over many decades through responses to a number of disease outbreaks, including Australia's previous avian influenza outbreaks and the more recent equine influenza outbreak. Clinical Signs The features of rapid spread and high morbidity assist the differentiation of EI from other infectious and non-infectious respiratory diseases. 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