[41][42], In 1758, Serra returned to the College of San Fernando. JAIME REINA via Getty Images A statue of Catholic St. Junipero Serra in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, on Monday after it was daubed with graffiti reading "racist." "[39], According to modern Franciscan historians, this report by Serra to the Inquisition is the only letter of his that has survived from eight years of mission work in the Sierra Gorda. Indians who were baptized were required to live at the mission and conscripted into forced labor as plowmen, shepherds, cattle herders, blacksmiths, and carpenters on the mission. [103], In October 2015, a week after the Catholic Church canonized Serra, Serra's statue in Monterey was decapitated. A statue of Junipero Serra at the Carmel Mission in Carmel-By-The-Sea, Calif. (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez, File) In a somewhat stunning admission that violent protesters are … Aboard were Portolá and Miguel Costansó, along with several letters from Serra. [139][140][141], Serra was canonized by Pope Francis on September 23, 2015, as a part of the pope's first visit to the United States, the first canonization to take place on American soil. To understand the impetus behind missionary efforts in the 18th century, one must take into account the era's views on the salvation of unbaptized infants. [38], In September 1752, Serra filed a report to the Spanish Inquisition in Mexico City from Jalpan, on "evidences of witchcraft in the Sierra Gorda missions." The next day, Inquisition officials appointed Serra himself as inquisitor for the whole regionâadding that he could exercise his powers anywhere he did missionary work in New Spain, as long as there was no regular Inquisition official in the region. Located near a roadside rest stop, the tall statue depicts Franciscan friar Junípero Serra, who is seen as one of the major figures in bringing Catholicism to modern California and is sometimes referred to as the “Founder of California.” Many people see him as an imperialist force, foisting his religion upon the native peoples, while others see him as a bold missionary who spread the good word and helped establish the state of California. The advanced guard of the party greeted them there. Serra attributed the Indians' behavior to his own sins. [citation needed], JunÃpero Serra was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 25, 1988. "[24], Serra was considered intellectually brilliant by his peers. [citation needed], A teenage boy from the Kumeyaay village of Kosa'aay (Cosoy, known today as Old Town, San Diego) who had often visited the mission before the outbreak of hostilities, resumed his visits with the friars. Following the same route they had taken the year before, the expedition reached Monterey Bay on May 24, without losing a single man or suffering any serious illness. This wound plagued Serra for the rest of his life. This constitutionally sound Muffler Man harkens back to the days these attractions were a must-see. "[65], The expedition still had 300 miles (480 kilometers) to travel to San Diego. [citation needed], In the 18th century, most Catholic speculation regarding the ultimate end of unbaptized infants was still in line with the early Church Fathers such as Augustine of Hippo, who believed that unbaptized infants would receive the mildest chastisements in Hell, but no reward. "He entered my little hut with so much blood streaming from his temples and mouth that, shortly after, I gave him absolution and helped him to die well," wrote Serra. After Mass, four soldiers went down to the beach to bring padre Fernando Parrón back from the San Carlos, where he had been celebrating Mass. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. He believed that the death of an unconverted heathen was tragic, while the death of a baptized convert was a cause for joy. [102], Native Americans objected to the Catholic Church's canonization of Serra, charging the priest "directed and approved of the torture and enslavement of Natives" at missions that served as both religious and military installations. [96], Serra wielded this kind of influence because his missions served economic and political purposes as well as religious ends. No purchase necessary. It sailed past San Diego Bay, destined for Monterey. [22] In his free time, he avidly read stories about Franciscan friars roaming the provinces of Spain and around the world to win new souls for the church, often suffering martyrdom in the process. Statues or other monuments to Father Serra are found on the grounds of several other mission churches, including those in San Diego and Santa Clara. Whenever Serra placed his hands on their heads, they placed theirs on his. Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. The Indians accepted the trinkets Serra offered as rewards for visiting the new mission. [137] The pope spoke before a crowd of 20,000 in a beatification ceremony for six; according to the pope's address in English, "He sowed the seeds of Christian faith amid the momentous changes wrought by the arrival of European settlers in the New World. Pames who adapted successfully to mission life received their own parcels of land to raise corn, beans and pumpkins, and sometimes received oxen and seeds as well. Activists on Saturday toppled a statue of Junipero Serra, widely regarded as the founder of the California Missions, from its perch on Olvera Street in downtown Los Angeles. Deborah A. Miranda, a professor of American literature at Washington and Lee University and an enrolled member of the Ohlone/Costanoan Esselen Nation, stated that "Serra did not just bring us Christianity. Cause to be sealed the records of said houses and records of such persons without allowing them to remove anything but their breviaries and such garments as are absolutely necessary for their journey. [77], Over six months dragged on without a single Indian convert to mission San Diego. A statue of Junipero Serra in San Rafael was pulled down Tuesday by protesters with the Coast Miwok tribe. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the world’s hidden wonders. In the Hillsborough statue, most people simply see him as a bit lumpy. The regulations of the college of San Fernando said that self-punishment should never be carried to the point of permanently incapacitating oneself. [17], On September 14, 1730, some two months before his 17th birthday, Serra entered the Franciscan Order at Palma,[18][19] specifically, the Alcantarine branch of the Friars Minor, a reform movement in the Order. [69], The Portolá/Serra party, having trekked 900 miles (1450 kilometers) from Loreto and suffered dwindling food supplies along the way, arrived in San Diego on July 1, 1769. Serra and the College of San Fernando sided with the Pamesâciting the Laws of the Indies, which banned colonial settlements in mission territories. [105][106] Though the perpetrator failed to decapitate the bronze statue of Serra, $3000 was needed to repair it as well. A statue of Father Junipero Serra stands in front of the San Gabriel Mission in San Gabriel, California on September 23, 2015. Working with the college of San Fernando, he had cattle, goats, sheep, and farming tools brought to the Sierra Gorda mission. A bronze and marble sarcophagus depicting Serra's life was completed in 1924 by the sculptor Jo Mora, but Serra's remains have never been transferred to that sarcophagus. [citation needed], Observing the mission and its neighboring huts sparsely protected, a group of over 20 Indians attacked with bows and arrows. There they learned from Indians that the Portolá expedition had returned south. He followed the news of famous missionaries winning beatification and sainthood. Hence, he has been called the "Father of California Wine". "[128], Ruben Mendoza, an archeologist of Mexican Mestizo and Native Yaqui descent who has extensively excavated missions in California, stated during a March 2015 interview with the Los Angeles Times that "Serra endured great hardships to evangelize Native Californians. Later, Serra suffered chest pains and shortness of breath; Palóu suggests that Serra's self-inflicted bruises were the cause. After he had exercised his privilege for a year, Governor Felipe de Neve directed him to suspend administering the sacrament until he could present the papal brief. [26], In 1748, Serra and Palóu confided to each other their desire to become missionaries. Coveting cloth, some begged Serra for the friar's habit he wore. So why did Pope Francis just make him a saint? It ordered the settlers to keep their cattle out of the Pames' fields, and to pay the Pames fairly for their labor (with the friars supervising payment). Serra, in the role of Jesus, washed their feet and then, after the service, dined with them. It was a field of missionary endeavor that required patience, perseverance, and humility, as well as vision and courage. They had survived by slaughtering and eating their mules along the return trek south. Disease, starvation, overwork, and torture decimated these tribes. [29], Hobbling into Mexico City, Serra joined up with his fellow friars at the College of San Fernando de Mexico, a specialized training center and regional headquarters for Franciscan missionaries. In return, Portolá and his soldiers offered tobacco leaves and various food items. 340 -359, Terry Leonard, "Pope beatifies founder of missions," Associated Press story published in the, James A. Sandos, "Junipero Serra, Canonization, and the California Indian Controversy,", James A. Sandos, "Junipero Serra's Canonization and the Historical Record,", Guest, Francis P., "Junipero Serra and His Approach to the Indians,". "[57], Two servantsâone named José MarÃa Vergerano, a 20-year-old from Magdalena, the other a soldier guardâaccompanied Serra on his journey from Loreto, as he rode on a feeble mule. "[134], Biographer Gregory Orfalea wrote of Serra: "I see his devotion to Native Californians as heartfelt, plain-spoken and borne out by continuous example." [93] For Serra and his companions, therefore, instructing the natives so that their children might also be saved would have most likely been a great concern. Another of California's unused Cold War missile defense complexes has become a graffiti gallery. "[citation needed], In one of his sermons in Mexico City, while exhorting his listeners to repent their sins, Serra took out his chain, bared his shoulders and started whipping himself. | YouTube The Roman Catholic archbishop of San Francisco performed a brief ceremony over the weekend that included an exorcism at a site where protesters tore down a statue of St. Junipero Serra. A classically inspired temple in Redwood City. [114], While administering Mission San Carlos Borromeo in Monterey, California, Serra had ongoing conflicts with Pedro Fages, who was military governor of Alta California. [citation needed], The Sierra Gorda Indian missions, some 90 miles north of Santiago de Querétaro, were nestled in a vast region of jagged mountains, home of the Pame people and a scattering of Spanish colonists. The statue … [49], Into the vacuum created by the Jesuits' expulsion from Mexico, stepped Franciscan missionaries. Palóu supervised the farm labor of men of the mission; the women learned spinning, sewing and knitting. Converted Indians were segregated from Indians who had not yet embraced Christianity, lest there be a relapse. [86] The body of a sailor, Alexo Niño, who had died the day before aboard the San Antonio, was buried at the foot of the newly erected cross. [60], The new mission lacked Indians to convert. The statue honors the booming birds Rothsay, Minnesota, is famous for. The natives appeared healthy, robust and friendly, immediately repeating the Spanish words they heard. In this arid region, whose alkaline land resisted cultivation, lived the "poorest of all" the Indians Serra had encountered in Mexico. Now is not the time to muse or fret over the happenings of life but rather to be conformed entirely to the will of God, striving to prepare themselves for that happy death which of all the things of life is our principal concern. JunÃpero Serra, letter to Francesch Serra, Cádiz, August 20, 1749. "[76] Tightening security, the soldiers built a stockade of poles around the mission buildings, banning Indians from entering. Reaching its shores that evening, the party called the spot Ensenada de Todos Santos (All Saints' Cove, today simply Ensenada). On June 23, they came upon a large Indian village where they enjoyed a pleasant stopover. ", "Evangelii Gaudium : Apostolic Exhortation on the Proclamation of the Gospel in Today's World, 15 (24 November 2013)", "Sainthood and Serra: His virtues outdistance his sins", Cultural Diversity in the Catholic Church in the United States, "Pope Francis Honors First Hispanic Saint in U.S.", "Often criticized, Serra gets a reappraisal from historians", "Orange County and Pope Francis: Native American priest to meet pope for Father Serra canonization", "Bells Sound at Ordination of First Juaneno", "Carmel Mission, city ready for Serra canonization", "Junipero Serra advocates need just one more miracle", "Pope's canonization announcement surprises even Serra's promoters", JunÃpero Serra: el franciscano español que divide a Estados Unidos, "Interior of Father Serra's Church â California Missions Resource Center", "History of Serra in America and Australia â Serra Council of Australia New Zealand and the South Pacific", "MEXICA MOVEMENT: Indigenous Liberation for Anahuac", "Protesters confront parishioners over Serra canonization", "Junipero Serra exhibition at the Huntington seeks a full view", http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/09/29/us/carmel-california-junipero-serra-pope-francis-vandalism.html, "statue of st junipero serra defaced at californias carmel mission", "Carmel saint statue vandalized in possible hate crime", "La vida de Fray JunÃpero Serra en una pelÃcula de animación", "Stanford renames buildings for Sally Ride, Carolyn Attneave", Jerry Brown says JunÃpero Serra statue will stay, Demonstration at Father Serra statue in Ventura leaves it standing, "Demonstrators Topple Statues in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park", "Junipero Serra statue at Presidio of Monterey is decapitated", "Decapitated head of Junipero Serra found during low tide", "Junipero Serra statue taken down by protesters at Capitol, CHP says", https://www.sanluisobispo.com/news/local/article243718742.html, "Serra statue removed in Carmel for safekeeping, local cities deciding fate of others", "St. Junipero Serra statue vandalized in Mission Hills", Firing Line with William F. Buckley: Saint or Sinner: Junipero Serra (March 17, 1989), Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JunÃpero_Serra&oldid=997032593#Statuary_and_monuments, Burials at Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo, Priests of the Spanish missions in California, Articles with dead external links from December 2017, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles needing additional references from July 2020, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Catalan-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016, Articles with disputed statements from July 2020, Wikipedia articles needing context from February 2019, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, In 1899, Jane Elizabeth Lathrop Stanford, wife of, A bronze statue of Serra standing over an outline of the State of California previously stood in the, A statue of Serra is located in the courtyard of. In calling for the removal of images of Saint Junipero Serra from public display in California, and in tearing down his statue in San Francisco and in Los Angeles, protesters have failed that test. Serra, now 55, eagerly seized the chance to harvest thousands of pagan souls in lands previously untouched by the church. Over the next nine years he worked in the college's administrative offices, and as a missionary and inquisitor in the dioceses of Mexico, Puebla, Oaxaca, Valladolid, and Guadalajara. A crowd in Sacramento, California’s state capital, destroyed a statue of St. Junipero Serra on the evening of 4 July. A crowd in Sacramento, California’s state capital, destroyed a statue of St. Junipero Serra on the evening of 4 July. [citation needed], On the Baja California peninsula, newly appointed governor Gaspar de Portolá had to notify and remove the Jesuits from the chain of missions they had developed in forbidding territory over 70 years. From a high hill on June 20, their advance scouts saw the Pacific Ocean in the distance. [105], On June 19, 2020, activists in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park toppled a 30-foot replica of Serra, wrapped in a friar cloak and gripping a large cross. "Pedro Fages and Miguel Costansó: Two Early Letters From San Diego in 1769". His nightly self-flagellations at the college of San Fernando caught the ears of some of his fellow friars. [125][126][dubious – discuss], Despite these concerns, thousands of Native Americans in California maintain their Catholic faith,[127] and some supported efforts to canonize Serra. One of the participants, Andrew Galvan, a member of the Ohlone Tribe and curator of Mission Dolores in San Francisco, stated prior to the ceremony that the canonization "will be the culmination of a life's work for me. In one of his final visits to Petra, Serra found his younger sister Juana MarÃa near death. "[97] Punishment made clear to the natives "that we, every one of us, came here for the single purpose of doing them good and their eternal salvation. [104], On September 12, 2017, Santa Barbara police reported a statue of Serra located at southern California's Santa Barbara mission had been decapitated and covered with red paint. So the San Antonio also turned south, anchoring in San Diego Bay on March 23. Smoke from the soldiers' guns, fired in repeated volleys, served as incense. A plaque in Old San Juan states (in Spanish) that JunÃpero Serra lived in this house in San Juan Bautista, Puerto Rico. Francisco Palóu, November 24, 1769 report to the guardian of the college of San Fernando. Serra sometimes went home from Palma for brief visits to his parentsânow separatedâand gave them some financial support. "[46], Serra did not stand alone among Catholic missionaries in displaying self-punishment at the pulpit. The three men then walked along the rocky coast south to Carmel Bay. [35], Back in the Sierra Gorda, Serra faced a conflict between Spanish soldiers, settlers, and mission natives or "Indians". Devotional statues come in all shapes and sizes, but the particular shape of Hillsborough, California’s Junípero Serra seems to be just awkward enough to inspire ridicule from most observers. It will be a ceremonial opening of the door that will 'let us Indians in,' a moment I honestly didn't think I would live to see. The slight and frail Serra now embarked on his novitiate period, a rigorous year of preparation to become a full member of the Franciscan Order. In August 1768, New Spain's inspector general José de Gálvez, displeased with the sloppy military administration of the Baja missions, ordered them turned over fully to the Franciscan friars. (Frederic J. Brown/AFP/Getty Images) "[82], Meanwhile, the land expedition departed from San Diego on April 17 under the command of Portolá. Grant was the last US president to … Liam Stack, "Vandals Desecrate Carmel Mission Where JunÃpero Serra Is Buried", Brittany Woolsey, "Catholics coalescing to save statue of Serra,". [84] On May 31, the San Antonio sailed into Monterey Bay and dropped anchor, reuniting the surviving men of the land and sea expeditions. Several women passed Serra's spectacles around with delight from hand to hand, until one man dashed off with them. Francis P. Guest, "Junipero Serra and His Approach to the Indians,". Many men who had sailed on the San Antonio, including captain Juan Pérez, had also taken ill with scurvy. A statue of Junipero Serra was toppled from its post at Placita Olvera in downtown Los Angeles on Saturday, images and video shared on social media showed. [citation needed], The JunÃpero Serra Collection (1713â1947) at the Santa Barbara Mission Archive-Library are their earliest archival materials. [28], In 1749, Serra and the Franciscan missionary team landed in Veracruz, on the Gulf coast of New Spain (now Mexico). Portolá again tried to persuade Serra to withdraw from the expedition, offering to "have you carried back to the first mission where you can recuperate, and we will continue our journey." He was accepted as mission superior. He wanted to be sure that they were treated fairly. Serra's companions rushed to recover them, the only pair of spectacles Serra possessed. (Tom Spence/KVTA News) Last week, the Ventura City Council voted to remove a bronze statue … By February 1768, Portolá gathered the 16 Baja Jesuit missionaries in Loreto, from where they sailed to mainland Mexico for deportation. [71] Doctor Pedro Prat, who had also sailed on the San Carlos as the expedition's surgeon, struggled to treat the ill men, himself weakened from scurvy. [citation needed], He began in San Diego on July 16, 1769, and established his headquarters near the Presidio of Monterey, but soon moved a few miles south to establish Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo in today's Carmel, California.[20]. "We were all enamored of them," wrote Serra. [104], On November 3, 2017, the statue of Serra located at the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was vandalized with red paint and suffered damage during an decapitation attempt with a reciprocating saw. "The Life of Padre Serra.". A statue of Junipero Serra rests face down at Father Serra Park, across the street from Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles Saturday, June 20. | YouTube The Roman Catholic archbishop of San Francisco performed a brief ceremony over the weekend that included an exorcism at a site where protesters tore down a statue of St. Junipero Serra. He didn't get along too well with some of the military people, you know. Serra covered the child with some clothing and asked the corporal of the guard to sponsor the baptism. . For I was there [at mission Loreto] a whole year, in economic matters, as a mere guest to receive the crumbs of the royal soldier commissioner, whose liberality at my departure did not extend beyond the aforementioned articles. [43] In his austere cell, Serra kept a chain of sharp pointed iron links hanging on the wall beside his bed, to whip himself at night when sinful thoughts ran through his mind. He and his fellow friar set out on the Camino Real with no money or guide, carrying only their breviaries. [20] The young JunÃpero, along with his fellow novices, vowed to scorn property and comfort, and to remain celibate. They passed through desert terrain into oak savanna in June, often camping and sleeping under large oaks. [81] Several sailors fell sick with scurvy. [21], The daily routine at the friary followed a rigid schedule: prayers, meditation, choir singing, physical chores, spiritual readings, and instruction. (Tom Spence/KVTA News) Last week, the Ventura City Council voted to remove a bronze statue … © 2021 Atlas Obscura. Before completing his required year of training, Serra volunteered for a mission in the rugged Sierra Gorda, to help replace friars who had recently died there. He attributed the swelling to a mosquito bite. Among his students were fellow future missionaries Francisco Palóu and Juan CrespÃ. "[27] Serra asked his colleague to read this letter to his parents, who had never attended school. If after the embarkation there should be found one Jesuit in that district, even if ill or dying, you shall suffer the penalty of death. There are public elementary schools in San Francisco and Ventura, as well as a K-8 Catholic school in Rancho Santa Margarita. The archbishop’s statement came after a statue of St. Junipero Serra was torn down in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park Friday, along with statues of Francis Scott Key and Ulysses S. Grant. "It was a day of great rejoicing and merriment for all," wrote Serra, "because although each one in his respective journey had undergone the same hardships, their meeting ... now became the material for mutual accounts of their experiences. A statue of Catholic missionary Father Junipero Serra was pulled down in San Francisco park on Friday. They now had less than 80 miles (130 kilometers) to reach San Diego. Arriving at a farm at day's end, he could hardly stand. Sympathetic to the Jesuits, Portolá treated them kindly even as he removed them under the king's orders. Serra fervently wrote to the guardian of the college of San Fernando, requesting more missionaries willing to face hardships in Alta California. Schools named after Serra include JunÃpero Serra High School, a public school in the San Diego community of Tierrasanta, and four Catholic high schools: JunÃpero Serra High School in Gardena, Junipero Serra High School in San Mateo, JSerra Catholic High School in San Juan Capistrano, and Serra Catholic High School in McKeesport, Pennsylvania. He still had seven years to go to become an ordained Catholic priest. [36], Crowning his Sierra Gorda mission, Serra oversaw the construction of a splendid church in Jalpan. Protesters marched into and sat outside the office of Marin County District Attorney Lori Frugoli Monday, demanding prosecution of five people arrested for toppling a statue of Fr. When I don't go along with the idea that the missions were concentration camps and that the Spanish brutalized every Indian they encountered, I'm seen as an adversary. 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