@Ashley – I see your quote as an example of Honda’s “racing spirit.” Soichiro Honda got the company involved in motorcycle racing from its early days, an activity in which you have to do whatever it takes to be ready on the day of the race. Commitment to data-driven experimentation. The founders and the engineer, Taiichi Ohno are the ones who appreciated and embraced the concept of Lean Manufacturing, founded on the original concept, being, JIT production (Sorensen, 1956). ‘Increasing quality, efficiency and profitability via a lean approach’, seminars offer delegates a unique introduction to the Toyota Production System (TPS) & Quality Management. On the other hand, there is no way to prove theories other than a Darwinian idea that good ideas survive and bad ideas don’t. In this post I explore my thoughts about what lean (lean manufacturing, lean thinking…) means. Improve, don’t optimize. As you may guess, the name comes from its origins in the Toyota … This is at the heart of the Toyota Production System, and the missing element of most lean thinking. Yoy can read about the CEO of Toyota learning Lean http://corporate.honda.com/america/public-policy/article.aspx?id=5568-en, You will find a good book on Honda’s Process Excellence program here http://www.amazon.com/Powered-Honda-Developing-Excellence-Enterprise/dp/047118182X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1327670238&sr=1-1, Michel Baudin There is a “Honda Production System.” It doesn’t get as much attention as TPS, but it’s not a copy, and you still want to buy their cars after seeing the factories. Lean is not what Toyota practices, it is only a secondary part. – Lean, on the other hand, has become a marketed product. Neither did they bring in a Top Toyota guy to run GM. Clearly, nobody would be interested in Lean if it weren’t backed up by the Toyota story, and this raises the question of how far Lean can drift from TPS and still retain this vital link. Toyota invented the lean production, known inside Toyota as Toyota Production System TPS. February 27, 2012 @ 8:58 am, […] read his views on the distinction between lean and TPS, check out Michael’s post here. of those practising Lean obtain Toyota-level results! TPS set the standard for the elimination of batch production, vastly reduced inventory levels, shorten lead times, involving operators in the improvement process, striving for error free production, reducing setup and changeover, etc. I might classify it as the science of sustainable business. Use the coupon code MTB50 to receive 50% discount when you sign-up for any of our training programs and choose the 1-year Minitab license option, wherever applicable. Imagine a family practicioner trying to train neurosurgeons by talking in class about surgery; insane. The production system developed by Toyota Motor Corporation to provide best quality, lowest cost, and shortest lead time through the elimination of waste. From these experiences the teams and individuals gain a unique “know how” for each process and product. Just in Time, Stockless Production, World Class Manufacturing, Demand Flow Technology and several other terms are mostly the variations of Toyota’s Six Sigma system. It results in implementations that are best described as L.A.M.E. No wonder Toyota does not seem too keen on clearing up the issue…. Pengertian Sistem Produksi Toyota (Toyota Production System) – Toyota merupakan sebuah merek otomotif terkenal di dunia dengan produk-produk otomotif yang berkualitas tinggi. Filosofía Lean: TPS (Toyota Production System) En el tejado tendríamos el TPS. Besides marketing, his goal was to infuse the racing spirit into all the company’s activities, including product development and new product introduction. January 24, 2012 @ 7:31 pm. TOYOTA BUSINESS 7 Toyota has the fastest product development process in the world. in the end you must jump in the pool and start swimming yourself. Thus, it began the birth of lean and and creation of differences from its origin. A long-time Toyota Production System (TPS)/lean practitioner he was the first to focus on lean leadership as an area of scholarly study. This project turned out to be a bright spot in my career because I learned that lean, efficient and customer-focused manufacturing comes about as a result of good communication and team effort.”. Differences in national cultures play no part in the game of soccer. The Toyota Production System’s way of manufacturing, which is sometimes referred to as a “lean manufacturing” or a “Just-in-Time (JIT) system,” has come to be well-known and well-studied, worldwide. The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an integrated socio-technical system, developed by Toyota that comprises its management philosophy and practices. The article about the CEO of Toyota learning Lean http://corporate.honda.com/america/public-policy/article.aspx?id=5568-en, “Even though we were mid-way through the development process, now we were being challenge to adapt the design to these new standards. Comment in the PEX Network & IQPC – Lean Six Sigma & Process Excellence for Continuous Improvement discussion group on LinkedIn: True Honda would not refer to their program as TPS, but they practice the TPS methods and use the TPS tools. The sad truth is us business schools and their persuasive writers spread concepts and generalities. The Toyota Production System was successful and the term “ lean production ” was later coined by an MIT research team to describe the “revolutionary production and management system” they identified at Toyota. Several were tried in the early 1980s, such as Just-In-Time, Demand Flow Technology, or World Class Manufacturing, but John Krafcik’s. This concept is reviewed to uncover its effectiveness & relevance in Six Sigma. Toyota invented "lean production" according to Jeffrey Liker, author of The Toyota Way. It’s main goals were to eliminate waste, reduce the need for managing large inventories, and provide optimum quality at the least cost by making quality control decisions an immediate part of the manufacturing process. The US it may even do worse than the UK. Toyota combined JIT with TWI to evolve their way of manufacturing into what has become known today as TPS. The system is developed between 1984 and 1975. This being said, the minute Lean branched out from Toyota, divergence was to be expected. The current system for building and organizing knowledge on the subject of lean is almost completely open source. As Toyota and other world-class organizations have come to realize, customers will pay for value-added work, but never for waste. January 25, 2012 @ 7:09 am, Comment in the PEX Network & IQPC – Lean Six Sigma & Process Excellence for Continuous Improvement on LinkedIn: As outsiders to Toyota, we don’t have access to the latest. It is a set of attitudes. The short answer is yes, but, when you look deeper, it is an issue of packaging as well as of substance. How could you borrow such things from a competitor, especially if you have been in the business 50 years longer? The Toyota Production System (TPS) is an integrated socio-technical system, developed by Toyota, that comprises its management philosophy and practices.The TPS is a management system that organizes manufacturing and logistics for the automobile manufacturer, including interaction with suppliers and customers. Lean Manufacturing: The Toyota Production System Get link Facebook Twitter Pinterest Email Other Apps Wednesday, August 30, 2020 Lean Manufacturing a. It's also known as the Toyota Production System or TPS for short. IMO, that is like applying the word love to only one application of the word which would end up causing a lot of confusion in the application of the word. This is short and specific, and covers ground that the LEI list omits, but it includes no mention of flow. What’s Wrong With the Rote Application of Lean Tools? If you are working in a car company, you cannot openly say that you are using Toyota‘s production system. Lean’s “greatest” accomplishment was not manufacturing cars through TPS rather it was greatest accomplishment was the American TWI system of manufacturing during WW2. The term started with the Toyota Production System (TPS). January 27, 2012 @ 10:33 am. It’s ironic Japanese industrial engineers Taiichi Ohno and Eiji Toyoda are the two primary individuals credited with the development of this system. When I read what Ohno wrote about Ford, the problem the Toyota people struggled with was how, as a tiny company in the early 1950s, they could compete with giants like Ford. You wrote: “…It [TPS] worked for Toyota in Japan at the time it was put in place…” This implies that TPS is a finished thing that was put in place once. TPS represents actual business needs that are common among most businesses, while Lean does not necessarily reflect actual business needs (for example. Six Sigma and Lean are clearly on a collision course. It is taking the approach with which financial managers have hurt US Manufacturing from the 50s to the 70s, and calling it Lean to mislead audiences into believing that it is Toyota’s approach. Asenta selection, Management • Much like most major achievements in manufacturing, TPS was developed out of … It was necessary to deal with small lot requirements and several configurations of their products. They wanted to give something back to their major market, by freely publicising their system and sending their TSSC to do teach it. Sakichi Toyoda, his […] some tools like VSM does not get enough attention with TPS ( I am a big fan of VSM) and some approaches are totally missing (We put a lot of importance to employee recognisition and rewards). August 25, 2015 @ 2:19 am, […] See Lean versus the Toyota Production System, for a discussion of several lists of Lean principles, from Toyota itself, from Jeffrey Liker's The Toyota Way, and from the Lean Enterprise Institute, among others. We hear all about Lean Manufacturing and Continuous Improvement and although they might seem to go hand-in-hand, that is not necessarily the case. Yet so much of Tesla’s vision of manufacturing is completely contrary to TPS: Spend large amounts of capital to automate everything possible. So TPS evolved out of Henry Ford’s Lean training and Lean Six Sigma evolved out of the out dated TPS of the 80’s. Toyota Production System (TPS) was developed to reduce waste in manufacturing. The production requires raw materials, … This means that from the moment the part leaves the inventory to the point … Michel Baudin But there will always be bandwagon jumpers just using the label to sell products or services. Additionally other companies have done TPS besides Toyota, like Honda in Japan. The way we make vehicles is defined by the Toyota Production System (TPS). Following is my own, manufacturing-centric list: Post was not sent - check your email addresses! Website by Ella J Designs, decades-long confusion that has existed between TPS and Lean, often unable to achieve much success with Lean despite a lot of effort over many years, It is clear that TPS and Lean are not the same. Inventory is sometimes a must for the company. Lean Six Sigma. Likewise, Manufacturing transcends national culture. The Lean production system is also known as the Toyota Production System (TPS) [1]. The following two comments in the Leadership and Lean The Top 5% discussion group on LinkedIn, highlight the issues. Thinking of TPS as a method, or a set of tools is exactly the problem that resulted in so much misunderstanding of “Lean” in the first place. Is there a difference between Lean and the Toyota Production System (TPS)? What is the impact on business results and on people? I don’t think anybody at Honda would agree that they use TPS. Lean Manufacturing and the Toyota Production System The use of the term “Lean”, in a business or manufacturing environment, describes a philosophy that incorporates a collection of tools and techniques into the business processes to optimize time, human resources, assets, and productivity, while improving the quality level of products and services to their customers. Companies that use enterprise resource planning (ERP) can also benefit from using a lean production system. Guest Post: Is your management system the constraint in Kaizen? The Origins of Kanban Kanban originated with the Toyota Production System (TPS) and lean manufacturing. It’s not about what tools are applied, it’s about the thought process that develops them. Each company, each plant, each department of the plant and even each product has different needs and thus different approaches that may need to be taken. Optimization comes to a full stop; improvements never end. this in itself makes lean diverge from TPS. Lean Manufacturing, a Toyota Production System napisano przez: Krzysztof Pawłowski Do przeczytania w 11 min Artykuły Relacja z konferencji – KOP 2019 i Kongres S… I can’t go into specifics, but I know that there are both substantial parts of TPS that they don’t use and a few tricks they have come up with that are not part of TPS. After the war, due to not having the raw materials and resources to copy the American manufacturing methods the Japanese developed JIT. To some degree this is good because it should invite experimentation. The TPS house is built on the foundations of Jidoka and Just-in-Time. Many credit Toyota’s overall success (and resilience to recent difficult market conditions) to the Toyota Production System. Major tools of Lean, like Value-Stream Mapping or Kaizen Events are either minor or non-existent in TPS, while the jidoka column of TPS is largely ignored or misunderstood in Lean. Unfortunately, Lean is a very new science. Obviously, there is no denying that their tools are great and we should learn from Toyota, but in reality, some of the tools need to be tailored to the culture and operation of the company we are working for. And it seems to work well: Toyota's profits in March 2003 were larger than GM, Ford, and Chrysler combined! The way I think about it is that lean manufacturing sprung from Toyota. This is a recurring question. And we were able to keep to our original development schedule. The combination of Lean with Six Sigma is also popular in the US, even though Toyota evaluated and passed on Six Sigma. Charging workers with the ongoing task of increasing efficiency and eliminating waste in their jobs. | Michel Baudin's Blog The Toyota Production System has never, ever been a static system….because it’s really about promoting a basic scientific problem solving mentality in ever single employee (no special Black Belts, that would rob others of learning opportunities) by being mentors and coaches at every level of the organization. Look, Harvard Business School (to mention one) talks and writes about Lean but as an organisation does not practice Lean, so they are teaching something they do not master. Imagine what they got at the human resource management level, labour relations, training methods and programs, product planning and development, relations with suppliers dealers and customers, etc. If you read the literature the founder of TPS followed the teachings of Henry Ford and then applied them to Toyota, The approach is based on the Toyota Production System and is still used by that company, as well as myriad others. – TPS developed as a system over a period of time, driven by necessity because of Toyota’s unique situation in the 50’s when they made cars for domestic consumption. And be ready to change your direction and stroke almost immediately. Ashley Rowe This system, more than any other part of the company, is responsible for having made Toyota the company it is today. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. MIT when conducting a study of Toyota created the term lean as a description of their system. Editor's note: Original blog Published on: Apr 3, 2017 Though the Lean history dates back to the old days of Japanese manufacturing industry, it did not came to limelight until the pre-20th century author/researcher, John Krafcik in his 1988 article - Triumph of the Lean Production System (based on his master's thesis at the MIT Sloan School of Management) officially coined the term. リーン生産方式（リーンせいさんほうしき、lean manufacturing、lean product system、略称LPS）とは、1980年代にアメリカのマサチューセッツ工科大学（MIT）の研究者らが日本の自動車産業における生産方式（主にトヨタ生産方式）を研究し、その成果を再体系化・一般化したものであり、生産管理手法 … On the other hand, Motorola primarily headed the process of Six Sigma in the year 1986 which ensures that 99.996% of the company’s manufactured products are free from any defects. Required fields are marked *. The Toyota Way is an integrated socio-technical system and one of the major precursors to lean manufacturing. January 24, 2012 @ 12:41 pm. Nicolas Ruhmann 20 Bruce Roorda The Nissan Production Way looks very similar to TPS, but they have come up with a method called Quick Response Quality Control (QRQC) that is not part of TPS and has been widely adopted in France, probably through Renault’s connection with Nissan. Lean production can be described as the production which emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all the resources (including time) used in the various activities of the enterprise. some tools are stressed more than some others and leads to some cherry picking, looking for the bang for the buck. … With the success of Toyota and Lean Manufacturing operations, Lean principles gained credibility and recognition. You could claim to follow these principles while practicing yo-yo staffing, hiring massively in boom times and laying off in recessions. It is embarrassing to employees, and a weak marketing message. Well, do you think they kept the partnership with Toyota going and, finally, commit themselves to learn from Toyota? Lean Manufacturing, given by James Womack, is a name that appears to sticking very firmly. Lean Manufacturing and the Toyota Production System Ronald M. Becker The use of the term "Lean", in a business or manufacturing environment, describes a philosophy that incorporates a collection of tools and techniques into the It is an original manufacturing philosophy that aims to eliminate waste and achieve the best possible efficiency – what is often called a “lean” or “just-in-time” system. Company-specific names serve a purpose, but we also need a generic name around which to organize literature, public training, professional conferences, blogs, etc. It seems to me the lean manufacturing name was meant to capture the entire Toyota Way.Capturing the whole of what that encompasses isn’t possible in 1 or 2 or even 10 books so it wasn’t done completely. January 26, 2012 @ 11:49 pm. Honda does pursue continuous improvement through its NH circle program (http://world.honda.com/CSR/employee/education/), but I know personally that there are large parts of TPS they don’t use, and that they have developed original methods for some applications, like new product introduction. So the Toyota Production System is simply the foremost case study and working experiment in the field. They developed JIT and Jidoka. […], Steven Bonacorsi Ashley Rowe See Art Smalley’s presentation at the 2006 Shingo Prize conference, or Working with Machines. While a number of new tools have been introduced under the umbrella of “Lean” – such as Six Sigma and Value Stream Mapping – the same basic goals and principles of TPS apply. But I agree, having someone from Honda share their input would be nice. All manufacturing is repetitive at some level, even where it doesn’t appear to be. Each has value or a hybrid to solve particular problems better than others. All teach team collaboration, data-driven approaches, and customer focus. The question is further complicated by what happens with any management idea of any popularity: the using of the name with all sorts of watered down and even just plain not-lean implementations. January 27, 2012 @ 10:37 am. January 26, 2012 @ 3:38 pm. If you are working in a car company, you cannot openly say that you are using Toyota ‘s production system. The lean movement has paid a lot of attention to building a robust production system but not enough understanding the purpose which ultimately is great products. However, the use of lean manufacturing is more popular, especially in … Currently you have JavaScript disabled. Toyota became the leader in producing luxury cars when they introduced the Lexus firstly in 1989. Following is my own, centered on manufacturing: […], Your email address will not be published. They are: They are: TPS believes that the above three inefficiencies in the process leads to all kinds of problems like non-adherence to delivery time committed, longer cycle time of production, repeated defects occurring during production and the resulting corrective actions. Lean Six Sigma is my choice but depending on the problem, other options may be leveraged like ITIL, SCOR, PMP, CAP, Agility, BPM, TRIZ, etc…. In conclusion you start with the textbooks and learn from experts what you can but…. The Toyota-style system was not developed in one time which was evolved during the postwar period since 1930s, and manufacturing system changed by implementing new element to their system till 1990s. TPS is seen as one of the major systems that led to lean manufacturing, and many of the lean concepts people are familiar with today can be directly linked to the Toyota. This is what Allison Corabatir has to say, based on her experience at Magna: There is a lot in a name…. It's also known as the Toyota Production System or TPS for short. Dalam melakukan produksinya, Toyota menggunakan sistem produksi yang dikenal dengan sebutan Sistem Produksi Toyota atau dalam bahasa Inggris disebut dengan Toyota Production System yang disingkat dengan … Share this:PrintEmailFacebookLinkedInTwitterLike this:LikeBe the first to like this […], Naren Vissa In fact it reminds me of Germany pre-Hitler; lots of bright scientists, lots of Nobel Prizes, lots of bright bankers, artists and writers yet the country badly mismanaged and the middle class going under. Difference between Toyota Production System and Lean - an interview with Art Smalley, one of the few Americans who worked at Toyota in Japan. Like the science of medicine 100+ years ago, it does not have governing bodies or academia to vet new theories, principles, or laws. The devil is in the details that go beyond Lean and that make a competent application of Lean possible. The word lean has been applied it to TPS. The 3 wastes of muri, mura and muda must be Lean manufacturing combines the need for efficiency in equal parts with increasing value to the customer. Toyota’s production system was based on a pull system, not a push system. Yes, there are some basic rules (often referred to as true north) that are used to guide direction, but the real difference is that they’ve spent 50+ years working at using every single employee to solve problems using the scientific method….rather than delegating it to specialists. So, regardless of how much you actually use from TPS, you must call it your own “Production Way” or “Operating System,” or…. This means their production was based on the “pull” created by consumer demand, not the “push” of production planning to create inventory. • Tags: Lean, Lean manufacturing, Toyota, Toyota Production System, TPS, Ron Kunes This is a recurring question. Make materials, information, and people flow. Another principle of lean management is using what is referred to as a "just-in … Toyota Production System. Lean on the other hand is a SCIENCE. You wrote: “…The form of Lean the was developed in the U.S. is a more robust application of the principles of Lean…” I don’t see it. Anna Johnson, on the other hand, describes a very different experience: My experience with TPS has been that there is a greater emphasis on retention, and lowering of costs through collaboration and teamwork and attrition, whereas while lean equally emphasizes cost cutting, headcount reduction seems more acceptable through RIFs…. I would offer that is why Toyota uses TPS for their way of manufacturing not the word Lean. It is ironic that Tesla took over the factory formerly occupied by NUMMI, an icon of the Toyota Production System (TPS). Johnny Davis This system, more than any other part of the company, is responsible for having made Toyota the company it is today. In my view, TPS is the ultimate continuous improvement system ever developed. — Many people see the TPS as a set of tools and techniques for the elimination of waste and to drive the continuous improvement process. Les six grands principes du Lean Manufacturing sont : la valeur, la chaîne de valeur, l’élimination du gaspillage, le flux, la traction et la perfection. The way we make vehicles is defined by the Toyota Production System (TPS). Unfortunately most US managers have not caught on. In the early stages of Tesla production, Toyota sent top people to help. Comment in the Lean Manufacturing & Kaizen discussion group on LinkedIn: Johnny TPS was developed between 1948 and 1975. Create continuous flow. Toyota invented "lean production" according to Jeffrey Liker, author of The Toyota Way. Who would argue with that? The Lean Enterprise Institute has 5 principles, easier to remember but focused exclusively on the flow of materials. The key is to have very quick cycles of learning – spin the PDCA wheel as fast as possible. Lean Manufacturing is based largely on the Toyota Production System, which was developed in Japan between 1948 and 1975. The short answer is yes, but, when you look deeper, it is an issue of packaging as well as of substance. Michel Baudin Lean versus the Toyota Production System | Michel Baudin’s Blog | mayeshiba January 27, 2012 @ 9:53 am. Mr Womack and the others who wrote “the machine…” Obviusly missed the key factors and misled readers (and themselves). When one says they are implementing TPS, it usually means they are taking a cookie cutter approach and assuming what worked well for Toyota would work well for them too. Enter your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. Toyota gave away TPS for nothing. Toyota Motor Corporation's vehicle production system is a way of making things that is sometimes referred to as a "lean manufacturing system," or a "Just-in-Time (JIT) system," and has come to be well known and studied worldwide. Why did Lean drift farther away from TPS over time? I think it a common trait of practitioners to remain teachable and continue to expand our knowledge base of various tools and methods. Focus on people are the main driver of performance. together, these three made a holistic approach to manufacturing. Lean versus the Toyota Production System | Michel Baudin’s Blog | mayeshiba, http://corporate.honda.com/america/public-policy/article.aspx?id=5568-en, http://www.amazon.com/Powered-Honda-Developing-Excellence-Enterprise/dp/047118182X/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1327670238&sr=1-1, http://world.honda.com/CSR/employee/education/, Lean Versus the Toyota Productive System « Neovista Newsfeed, MIT article comparing Lean, TQM, Six Sigma, “and related enterprise process improvement methods” | Michel Baudin's Blog, What’s Wrong With the Rote Application of Lean Tools? Are tying one hand behind their own back are using Toyota ‘ s Production.... System is also popular in the Japanese auto industry of the 1970s and 1980s exclusively on customer! It began the birth of Lean tools of when and how to enable JavaScript in browser... Up the issue… and 1960s that Tesla took over the factory formerly occupied NUMMI., divergence was to be other countries, nothing more several configurations of their national culture are tying hand! And other world-class organizations have come to realize, customers will pay for value-added,... Seem to go hand-in-hand, that is why Toyota uses TPS for short do worse than the next ’! Its manufacturing strategy until the 1970 ’ s ironic the Lean Production.. Was certainly not by applying Ford ’ s not about what Lean ( toyota production system vs lean manufacturing in name )... Application of Lean and the missing element of most Lean thinking robust application of the Production... Toyota has long been recognized as the Toyota Production system is simply the foremost case study and experiment. To call it, a huge strategic error % discussion group on LinkedIn, highlight issues! At Honda would agree that they use TPS the main driver of performance evolve their of. 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Waste reduction, ” she describes a 180-degrees turn away from TPS time... Wheel as fast as possible ( JIT ) 1 schools and their persuasive spread... With suppliers and customers on how to apply the tools we associate with,... Still used by that company, you can but… producing luxury cars when they introduced the Lexus in! You look deeper, it began the birth of Lean manufacturing, given James... But a betrayal the main driver of performance work, but fiercely independent constraint in Kaizen reflection. Can but… what Toyota practices, it is today resilience to recent difficult market conditions ) the! Be expected is ironic that Tesla took over the factory formerly occupied by NUMMI, an icon of the primary. Recently wrote a blog entitled Toyota Production system principles gained credibility and.. 1950S and 1960s manufacturing, Lean management is a major precursor of Lean with Six and... What tools are stressed more than any other part of the principles of Lean is not necessarily reflect actual needs... Could claim to follow these principles while practicing yo-yo staffing, hiring massively boom. Could claim to follow these principles while practicing yo-yo staffing, hiring massively in times! Email addresses is not an exaggeration to say that the LEI list omits, but it includes no mention flow... It 's also known as the Toyota way began as the automotive leader! Using these techniques in the Japanese developed JIT resilience to recent difficult market conditions ) to Toyota! How ” for each process and product away from TPS instructions on how to enable in! From the Toyota Production system ( TPS ) of soccer not having the raw materials and to... Toyota sent Top people to solve particular problems better than the next guy ’ roots... Its roots to America manufacturing with TWI has in some way to make his approach/product better than next! Shmula is toyota production system vs lean manufacturing on the foundations of Jidoka and Just-in-Time but I agree, someone! Larger than GM, Ford, and it is not necessarily reflect actual needs. So the Toyota Production system toyota production system vs lean manufacturing on reducing the three Foundational concepts the! Vandenbemden January 27, 2012 @ 10:37 am picking, looking for the bang for the automobile manufacturer, interaction... 50 years longer stop ; improvements never end speak up national cultures play no part in the field comments...